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you

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[Music]

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well thank you all for making it back

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from lunch it would appear that our

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session chair Haley sabers may not have

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made it so I will go ahead and introduce

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myself I'm Maggie Osborne from

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Northwestern University and today I'm

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excited to tell you about some recent

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work the life underground astrobiology

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team has been doing to look at the

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subsurface biosphere particularly that

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huh

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excellent so the deep subsurface

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biosphere consists of those organisms

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living in poor fluids within deep

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crystalline fracture networks and within

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the rocks themselves of the Continental

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and marine crust this talk is going to

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be focused primarily on the Continental

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deep subsurface biosphere because that's

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where our site is we know a fair amount

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about the subsurface biosphere in

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general and we know that it is large

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containing a large volume of organic

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carbons equaling biospheres equal to

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that of various phases of the surficial

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environment in stages of Earth's history

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we know that that biosphere is

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physically and taxonomically diverse

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there's a large number of processes

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happening and that does seem to vary

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depending on where you're at we know

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that those processes are metabolically

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dependent on the chemistry and the

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geology of the environments in which

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they're found and this feature in

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particular makes these sites key

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extraterrestrial targets and key extra

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extra-terrestrial analogues particularly

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when we're looking at rocky planetary

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bodies such as the subsurface of Mars we

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access the deep subsurface in a number

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of ways in particular we look at it in

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the form of Springs where we have

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upwelling of these diffraction fracture

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networks onto the surface springs are

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great because you can go to the edge of

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said Springs perform your experiments

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and you can have ready and continuous

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access the downside of course is that

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there's a surficial biosphere that's

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interacting and Deek involving the end

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members between the surface and the deep

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subsurface biospheres can be challenging

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getting that subsurface end member

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we also access the deep subsurface in

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bore holes and then the next three talks

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of the session you'll be hearing about

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chroma which is in a borehole of

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microbial Observatory these are great

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because they can go very deep actually

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our deepest end member of the deep

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subsurface biosphere they are easily

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accessible at the surf surface but the

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challenge can be in the mixing as you go

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down and with casing materials and with

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influx of material or fluids from the

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sides there's also a diameter limit says

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everything has to go down a little hole

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the last and the one I'll be talking

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about mostly today is the deep

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subsurface biosphere access through

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mines mines are great because humans

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sorry humans actually go down and can

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access the deep subsurface biosphere as

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it intersects on those levels in

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particular miners are great at taking

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material from the surface and bringing

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it down and vice versa and therefore

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bringing experimental apparatus is not a

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problem they are dynamic system so many

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mines are continually being excavated

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and therefore intersection of new

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fractures and waters that have been

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sequestered for millions or even

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billions I see Barbara Sherwood Lawler

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in the background there billions of

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years so we have some very deep fluids

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being accessed there of course cons so

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mines influence the local hydrology

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mines produce a fair amount of

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contamination and mines do tend to back

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fill themselves with or so things can be

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transient which can be a problem so

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today I'm going to tell you about the

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deepmind microbial Observatory which is

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a microbial Observatory that I've

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established in the former home state

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goldmine these this is six a set of six

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bore holes ranging from 800 to 4050 feet

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or a little less than a kilometer and a

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half they were drilled between 1910 and

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2005 and mostly caps subsequently after

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their drilling and we have now adapted

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these sites for continuous sampling and

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installation of long-term monitoring and

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cultivation apparatus so the rest of

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the Sanford underground research

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laboratory is in the former home state

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goldmine so it's now a science facility

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aimed at understanding mostly particle

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physics applications but the facility

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does foster and encourage all types of

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scientific research there so it's a

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science facility this is a view of the

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open cut of the former Homestake mine

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you can see a variety of geology moving

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forward

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these rocks are paleoproterozoic in age

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primarily meta sediments ranging in the

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oldest from the gates which is a

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basaltic unit through the Poorman

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Homestake and Ellison formations and

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then crosscut by these visually striking

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tertiary intrusive rocks so we have a

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variety of geology then metamorphic

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grades range from green shifts to

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amphibolite in a variety of windows

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which contributes to the mineralogical

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diversity we have water ages that are

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significantly younger ranging from

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something like a year to extending to 10

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to maybe tens of thousands of years at

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the oldest so the life underground team

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has been sampling these sites since 2013

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and we've taken many samples mostly of

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opportunity that looks something like

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this

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so we have fluid coming out of the wall

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and creating these luxuriant slimy

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biofilms on the surface and sometimes

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you have water actually shooting out of

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the wall at relatively high pressure

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these sites were great but as you can

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imagine getting a controlled sample of

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something like this can be a challenge

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what is actually happening in this photo

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this one we have a bore hole that was

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drilled and then capped with concrete

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and so the sites that we were sampling

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are places where this concrete cap was

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leaking allowing some of this to come

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out so the goal of the establishment of

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demo was to clean this out and in

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interface between the subsurface

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environment and the mine environment in

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a way that we could go back and take the

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same samples over and over again and

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really start to perform controlled

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experiments within this subsurface

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environment

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so we did just that and so conveniently

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many of the surf staff are old miners

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that are well versed at drilling holes

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and crystal and bedrock and thus we this

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is guy named fritz

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and he drilled out a couple of holes for

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us these were sites that were had been

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sampled previously and thus we were able

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to sort of focus our efforts on the

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sites that were most interesting aha

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so in our newly cleaned out holes we've

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placed custom designed and fabricated

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high-density plastic Packers metal is

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the common thing to make a packer out of

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but in the subsurface environment it

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corrodes extremely rapidly and that's

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what that was not a good choice for us

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the packer is composed of a threaded

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core and then outer components that when

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compressed seal against the wall of that

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borehole and is not advancing very well

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but okay this is the final product here

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so this in this way we can actually feel

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that subsurface environment from the

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mined environment and can take real

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I mean I assure you I'm pushing the

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button all right all right so here is a

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cross sectional view of the Mayan

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ranging from surface topography at the

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top with horizontal layers representing

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the mining levels in gray are mined out

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or bodies of various stages of the

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mining and the arcuate colored curves

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are the trajectories of the diamond bore

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holes that we have capped color-coded by

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geology so our shallowest site demo1

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starts out here and it's four whole

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trajectory well not on this map almost

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outcrops at the surface so this is our

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by far our shallow a sample sort of

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closer to a terrestrial end member or

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surficial end member demo2 is also on

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the 800-foot level but access is more

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diverse ethology x' and somewhat older

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water demo 3 is on the 2,000 foot level

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and you can see is heading off kind of

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in its own direction here demo 4 is on a

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4100 foot level this green line here and

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it's sort of pared whole is demo 5 on

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the 48 foot level and you can see that

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these two borehole trajectories are

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coming in to a similar package of rocks

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and so these two boreholes are

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encountering sort of similar water with

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depth the final hole is demos demo 6

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which we've not switched out and still

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has a stainless steel manifold but this

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is accessing some interesting geology

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and chemistry and thus we have kept it

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in this week before during and after

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drilling we've embarked on the campaign

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of constant monitoring of these sites so

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we're currently engaged in every other

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month we go and take a full suite of

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samples this includes geochemistry major

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anions cations gas geochemistry redact

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sensitive geochemistry your physical

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measurements like flow rate and also

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microbiology so things like cell counts

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and sequencing this is my field go back

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this is my field lead Brittany Kruger

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without which none of this would be

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possible

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my grad student Katelyn kazar who will

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be speaking more on this on Friday just

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to show you a little bit of data from

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our suite this is a schematic of the

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bore of the demo Network and I'll show

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you a couple data graphs like this we

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have flow rates ranging from mostly a

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couple hundred mils per minute up to

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greater than 10 liters per minute we

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have temperature that broadly increases

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as you go downward ranging from 10 to

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about 35 pH also increases as you go

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downward oxidation reduction potential

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we're getting more reducing with depth

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and we're also getting somewhat saltier

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maxing out at something like brackish in

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terms of the number of cells in these

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waters we are at low 10 to the third up

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to mid 10 to the fifth cells per mil so

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quite low at the top we have very simple

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morphologies mostly just woods

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cells they're slightly more diverse in

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demo to increased types of morphologies

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in demo 3 & 4 although still very low

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cell density z' we get quite a lot more

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morphological diversity when you get

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into demo 5 and demo 6 you can see these

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filaments and rods in addition to the

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coxy hinting at a potentially more

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diverse ecosystem in do see we have a

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decrease in gradient from the surface to

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deep potentially thinking about long

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term carbon usage within the crust di c

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is a little interesting so this probably

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is varying based on the interactions

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with rocks and then the isotopes of di c

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are showing potentially some closed

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system carbon cycling behavior these

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numbers are much lower than you might

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expect just a little bit of microbiology

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before I run out of time so each box is

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a site and then this is data with time

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so demo one youngest oldest you can see

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oh and the arrows represent where we

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drilled so this is before drilling and

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after drilling before drilling and after

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drilling the first sort of like sort of

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broad scale observation is that the

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we didn't completely disrupt these

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ecosystems in the way you might have

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expected these number these bars are not

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radically different colors from this

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time step to this time step we just have

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a minor change in population we have

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lots of unknowns we have lots of

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candidate phyla and these samples are

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dominated by Proteobacteria as you might

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expect of the subsurface biosphere we

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have mostly not a lot of archaea except

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we have populations in demo four so

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there seems to be a local favorite we

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have large populations of op3

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particularly in demo one demo six is

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very different it's dominated by

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Firmicutes bacteria DDS and op1 just a

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little bit on the ongoing

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experimentation now that we have this

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network we can actually install

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cultivation reactors and experimentation

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institute and leave it for months and so

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what my lab has been doing our

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experiments that look like this we call

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these flow through cultivation reactors

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we're changing the substrates and the

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minerals that are in these allowing

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colonization to happen over the scale of

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months experiments in the orphan lab are

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testing things like mythology and flow

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rates and in the Orkut labs were doing

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controlled amendments there are also in

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situ electrode cultivation reactors

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being done by an ero in MO al-najjar lab

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just want to plug my student Caitlin's

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talked Friday at 3:00 she will tell you

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more about the cultivation happening

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from the slow through coaches and show

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some truly beautiful images and with

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that I would like to acknowledge my

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funding from NASA the surf staff that

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makes these samples possible the rest of

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the NAI team and the northwestern stable

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isotope facility for producing our

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carbon isotope numbers and I think I

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so we have time for one question and the

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next speaker can come up and get miked

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well the questions perfect then you

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understand everything okay just a

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comment or two of requesting it one or

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two on logistically how difficult was it

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to do this work how much effort did you

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acquire to get the equipment down was it

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difficult to work in the mines things

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like that um so the sir facility was

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extremely cooperative with our efforts

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so it did take a fair amount of time and

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logistical planning in terms of the

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transportation and the actual drilling

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those were technically complicated and

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were met with a variety of you know

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partial success and failures we would do

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lots of drill bits and that kind of

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thing but we had great cooperation from

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the facility in terms of actually

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implementing this plan it's sort of like

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a government lab it's a lot of paperwork

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anytime you want to do anything but once

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you get permission it goes pretty